Online Ticket Booking System Information Technology Essay

How the Internet has Changed the way we live Essay

How the Internet has Changed the manner in which we live - Essay Example Division of Defense brought forth ARPANET which later turned into the web. The visionaries who saw incredible potential in utilizing PCs to share data on inquire about in logical and military fields laid the flash of web's introduction to the world. In 1962, J.C.R. Licklider of MIT proposed a worldwide system of PCs. Leonard Kleinrock built up the bundle exchanging which is the premise of web associations. In 1965, Lawrence Roberts associated a Massachusetts PC with a Californian one over dial-up phone lines. The ARPANET, first got online 1969, at first associated four PCs at colleges in southwestern US. Beam Tomlinson, in 1972, brought email to ARPANET. He was the person who acquainted the image @-with interface the username and address. The web was intended to give a correspondence arrange that would oppose atomic assaults. The early clients were PC specialists, architects, researchers and curators. During the '60s and '70s, Frederick G. Kilgour of the Ohio College Library Center drove systems administration of Ohio libraries. In the mid 1970s, New England, the southwest states, Mid Atlantic states, and so on went along with it to shape national, later, global systems. The ARPANET developed during the '70s because of the TCP/IP engineering proposed and created by Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf. USENET was conceived in 1979 with the Unix to Unix Protocol creation. Newsgroups were acquainted with trade data all through the world. Despite the fact that it was anything but a noteworthy piece of the Internet (because of the absence of TCP/IP), it assumed a crucial job in the advancement of the Internet. BITNET showed up in1981 and it associated the centralized computers of IBM and furthermore gave mail administrations. SCNET, created in 1984, developed into NSFNet, the foundation of Internet. In 1986, when it was created, it offered access to various super figuring habitats. More offices began utilizing the Internet. Thus, more devices and assets were required. More colleges, associations and libraries got associated and Internet got more diligently to follow. In 1991, the primary benevolent interface to the Internet was created. In July, 1992, Delphi, the primary national business online help offered Internet access to its supporters. In 1993, Microsoft Internet Explorer was created. With the arrival of Windows 98 which the program very much coordinated in the work area, Bill Gates gained by the Internet. The Internet Boom The effect of the Internet is too gigantic that it takes a lifetime to expand on it. Business entered the Internet field. Publicizing appeared at draw in customers. Web based shopping entered a quicker pace. Customers thought that it was simple when they could look at costs. Delphi's free proposal of site pages, talk rooms, network building focuses, and so forth made the Internet increasingly more on request. Fast associations spread. Link modems and computerized supporter lines supplanted the more seasoned, more slow ones. Remote access sprouted. Presently, we even have little, convenient gadgets that can be utilized to get to the Internet like, the pocket PC, game machines, GPS gadgets, and so on. Let us examine how Internet influences the different fields of our everyday lives. Effects ON BUSINESS First and foremost, the utilization of Internet stayed to looking and mailing. With the ascent of more developments, individuals began applying innovation to different fields. Business is one such field which was changed by the section of Internet. ECONOMY We saw the days when anything was

Impacts of CAI on Rural Students

Impacts of CAI on Rural Students Impacts of CAI on Rural Students Home›Research Posts›Impacts of CAI on Rural Students Research PostsMethodologyThe research was conducted in two phases, the first phase was done in fall of 2009, and the second was done in the spring of 2010. During the fall period, the sample size of the control group   was 33. The training group on the other hand, had a sample size of 168 students. In the springtime, the sample size of the control group was 42 students. The training group sample was however, 131 students.The choice of methods used in analyzing or obtaining data in this research varied depending on the type of the information required. It also varied depending on the size of the samples being used. Statistical methods were used to analyze the data obtained after the research was conducted. This was done in order to give a simple way of comparing the results obtained (pre-test post-test) (Spear-Sterling Sternberg, 1996).The methods used in this research included; pretest-postte st design, autoskill and academy of reading. The statistical methods consisted of ANOVA, correlation, questionnaires, and t-test. Questionnaires, and pretest-posttest, were used to collect information from the participants while the others were used for analyzing the data to determine whether there was a significant impact on the response to intervention on the reading skills of K-12 students under this study.This study therefore, employed several methods in order to achieve it s objectives. The yearlong quasi-experimental single group Pretest-Posttest design was one of the methods that was used. This is a time series design with participants both pre- and post-tested twice during the year-long study. The pre-test scores is basically used to place the students into their respective training programs and the post test results is used to help the instructors to track the progress and the improvements in reading after the students have undergone the training (Skowron, 2001).RtI is said to be most effective when it includes screening, which is school wide, decision making that is data-based, progress monitoring based on research, collaboration, and development of staff, and reliability of implementation. It is an approach, which involves multiple tiers for providing interventions and services to students. Currently, there is a powerful combination of autoskill and academy of reading   where teachers use scientific interventions to provide services and support to students who are ‘at risk of reading failures’.AutoSkill model used in this study was a dynamic software and it incorporated a balanced approach of theories. It created solutions, which wee award winning and helped to close the gap in achievement experienced in K-12 students. For the past couple of years, AutoSkill program has improved the fluency in reading and math of at-risk students. It acknowledges the success of a reader as a combination of receiving and comprehension use of instructions. Its con tents include clear instructions in phonemic knowledge, development of structured symbol knowledge, development of fluent and accurate ability to decode text to automicity level, ability to apply strategies and skills, and fluency in reading. These elements combined in a single program are found to be highly efficient and effective in addressing the problems of the at-risk students.Phonemic knowledge is the ability to separate sound pulse and bring it out as its components. It is actually the capacity to identify, manipulate, and focus on individual unit sounds like rhymes and syllables of verbal language (Renzulli Reis, 1991).The academy of reading test also utilized in this study used introductory activities, which were taken stepwise. Here the training on phonemic knowledge covered the important skills in a sequential manner. The students started by matching the rhyming words, then went on to those words, which started with similar sounds. When these skills had been achieved, th e students progressed to another step where they matched words, which have the same sound at the end. The contents of the paragraphs for the academy of reading was basically designed such that it appealed to particular groups of participants. In this study, the K-12 students’ paragraph dealt with topics that were engaging and related to their common experiences in their childhood. The progress of each student was graphically represented and it helped the student to know the yields of their efforts.The positive development shown by any student has a big impact in motivation and building self-esteem. The 16weeks training period taken by each student promoted focus with little or no burden on the attention span length. In a learning process, feedback helps a student to know whether the tasks they are undertaking are adequate or not. The academic reading test involved the use of feedback, which was corrective and positive. The computer program recorded student “on-task” time and e rrors in auditory visual, and visual match activities were corrected by a blue underline, and a check mark in green color appeared in case of a correct answer. This computer program tracked the time the students were using it together with on-task time, it did not include the time that the student was idle or downtime. Time on-task against time taken in the program was indicated for every student in each class. Although this may be affected by many other factors, it is a good indicator of implementation quality. A focused and well-monitored implementation was given by a big   time-on-task, relative to the time taken in the program.The tests were done before and after the students were introduced to the CAI training program for 16 weeks each. CAI has become an area of interest for many researchers because of its impacts on low performing students. It has been found to be effective because it is motivational, non-judgmental and gives frequent and immediate feedback. This study was mea nt to determine whether the participants were in a position to operate the machines (computers) with very little supervision. The responses were then measured by the computer and were analyzed at the end of each semester and gains/losses recorded in 36 distinct levels. This was mainly to provide a K-12 student’s profile on proficiency in comprehension reading before and after undergoing the CAI program.The academy of reading test therefore gives an opportunity to build and reinforce the appreciation for principle of alphabets and phonics understanding. This was done by repeatedly exposing the students to words of high frequency and syllables in a development band. It also applied automicity theory beside task-analytic methodology. This theory is a unique procedure of training and includes both visual and auditory-visual matching to sample exercise. These are all meant to improve the automatic responding.The assessment of this test was designed so that the results obtained were con sistent with other scores in standardized tests. Results of the obtained tests were given in multiple formats, which enabled multiple perspective interpretation of the skills of the student. A correlation of “on-task” time to improvement was also analyzed as an insight to the connection of training to improvement. The Academy of Reading Assessment test that has been correlated to the TerraNova modular assessment series is employed in this case and has been validated to the TerraNova with a correlation of .69 to .80 across grade levels.ParticipantsThe participants in this research were k-12 students in Hanson School, which is located in Alexandria. They were chosen because they met these characteristics; these students went to an elementary school in a rural area. They also lived in a Midwestern rural district and came from households of low socioeconomic status.The participants had an age of between 16-18 years and are in K12 grade. They are taken as a representative group as re commended by their teachers. These participants showed evidence of reading risk and were tested in the risk range in reading fluency.The participants were exposed to various selection criteria. Experimental research was used to control and to test causal effects through the processes. It was applicable where the correlation magnitude was wider and where a cause would ensure the same effects were taught. The most important needs of experimental research designs was to eliminate the impact of the intervening, antecedent, and spurious variables. Variables must not be identified first because they are not required for manipulation.However, quasi-experimental research design involved an experiment or the study in which a researcher has no control over the factors being studied. This is a key difference over the experimental research. In this case, there was no random assignment and allocation as in the case of experimental research.In experimental research method, a time analysis was use d for interruption and non-interruption purposes. In quasi method, variables were first identified because they are useful in manipulation for it to affect the dependent variable. The subjects were monitored for sometime so as to record the changes that took place; unlike the experimental where the time was set and was specific.Ethical considerationGenerally, before undertaking any academic research, it is wise to know the ethics behind it. There are three major ethical considerations that should be taken into account. First, the researcher should respect the views of the participant and bare in mind that he/she has a choice to make any decision whether to be take part in the study or not. Therefore the researcher should disclose everything about the research being undertaken. Secondly, the researcher should maximize the benefits to the participants or the society and minimize risks involved.In addition, justice should be administered. Participants should be selected equally so that the benefits accrued are equally distributed .Other groups of people e.g. the prisoners should not be neglected. Apart from these principles, one should ask for permission before carrying out a research in case of a research involving private participants. Advantage should not be taken on those groups that can be easily accessed like children. In this study, the study on the impact of response to intervention on reading instructions on K-12 students was done under the permission of the grade teachers. The selection of the participants was done after  recommendation by their teachers.A method, which would be transparent and mostly accepted in all research, is the quantitative method. Quantitative methods are tailor made to suit the approaches and methods used to define who should be recruited. Random selection is used so as to avoid biasness, for instance random dialing of numbers in the directory. Another useful quantitative method is known as ethnographic. This method studies the behavior of the people in a natural environment setting that seeks to understand the sequence of events.Qualitative research reflects on the perceived nature of a person or item under study. This is to develop experiences, theories, and concepts so as to interpret and analyze the data and information, which have been collected. It uses the process of deduction as a study approach. This is to investigate the situation that allows precise measurement and quantification, which involves a controlled design.DemographicsThe population of K-12 students has been significantly increasing ethically and racially since the 1970’s. 22% of enrollments in secondary and elementary public schools were students of color and has grown to over 40%. In the future, it is believed that schools will become more heterogeneous and by 2034, the majority of the students will be of color. These demographic varieties are seen to exert substantial pressure on teacher education programs in order to solve issues of ethnic, linguistic, and racial diversity.Description of settingThe setting of this research is in Hanson school. Hanson school is a rural school in Alexandria. It is in this school that all the training and testing was done. The residents in this region are considered low-income earners. The training sessions were done in a computer room and sometimes, in other vacant rooms where distractions were minimal. Each student was given a computer and was expected to follow the program instructions provided and answered the questions.TrainingEach student in the representative group was taken through the intervention. Before the intervention was implemented, a training sequence was introduced to the participants so that they could make themselves familiar to the program. The participants needed to understand how the software was used before the end of the training.It was not however, easy to accomplish the research without a difficulty, there were several limitations that were experience d. The quasi-experimental design lacked a control group. This was a simple pre-test, post-test data collection relying upon the verity of the test for support of the hypothesis. The population of readers in this study had ample access to other reading practices and instructions outside the utilized program of instruction. It was therefore, not certain that the change in the reading skills was as a result of the introduction of computer software instructions. There were tremendous variety in the instructional reading treatment of every member of the population.Each member in the group was given different instructions and therefore there was no equality on the extent of the instructions given. Consistency in application of the program also was variable in time and setting. Teachers had no access to several labs and because of time constraints; all teachers were not able to offer equal segments of instruction. Incentives for performance existed for all sample members, however, these in centives varied in consistent types and times offered. Other than this, the instruction program although efficient, was inaccessible in a broad scale. It was also not very accurate compared to human, in identifying and correcting all the errors that the struggling students might have   made. This is however, likely to be the reason why this program was not been administered in a normal classroom situations.General procedureThe K-12 students in this study were trained in two tiers, tier 2, and tier 3. The two tires started with a baseline. A baseline was executed after the pre-test sessions. This baseline consisted a timed reading of a text passage, which was given as a word document, and every participant was expected to read any possible number of words in a specific timed period. The timer was set to start the moment the participant started reading. When this was perfectly done, the participants had to answer a series of comprehension questions as the experimenter writes down the answers. The number of correct answered was used to analyze the performance/improvement of the students and then compared to the initial (pre-test)scores (Rosenthal, 2001).QuestionnairesThis is a method of obtaining data/ information whereby the person being interviewed is given a list of questions and can answer them in two ways. i.e. answering a postal questionnaire where he/she   completes the questions given without the help of the researcher. The other way of answering a questionnaire is whereby the respondent completes the question in the presence of   the researcher. Although the two ways always contain the same questions, the initial way is meant for a case when the anonymity of the respondent is to be protected.Questionnaires should be either closed-ended, which provides only quantitative data, or open-ended whereby the respondent gives a qualitative response to the questions asked. The respondents are required to give their responds in their own words. The use of questionn aires enables a researcher to reach a large of people within a very short time especially when postal questionnaires are used. They are also relatively quick, easily created, code, and to interpret. Although they are recommendable, its design may make it hard for the researcher to analyze complex opinions or issues (Rosenthal, 2001).In this research, two sets of questionnaires were administered. One was meant for the participants and another for the teachers. The questions majorly asked were those regarding the study period and the impacts on the reading skills of the participants. At some point, the respondents were expected to give answers in their own words. The feedback from the two groups was then analyzed and results tabulated as in the results section.Statistical testStatistical tests in this research are very crucial in order to quantify the impact on reading skills when the computer instructions were used to provide tutorials to the group of K-12 students under this study. Testing the ability of the students to use the computer instructions effectively was done by experimenters providing the basic instructions on the initial day of intervention. After this was done, the participants were then allowed to follow the software instructions. The observed results were promising; there was an indication that the students were gaining both knowledge and reading skills, this was done by comparing the pre-test and the post-test scores (Vaughn, et. al., 1993).ANOVA-testAnalysis Of Variance is a technique, which is used to test the difference in any two given means of populations. It uses the hypothesis that two or more population means are equal. The pre-test and post-test means were calculated and compared. Using the hypothesis; i.e. the null and the alternative hypothesis, the differences in the means of the pre-test and the posttest scores showed that there was a significant increase in reading skills of the students   who underwent the training.The t-tests o f the samples were also significant and this meant that there was an impact on the reading skills of the students. The most commonly used t-tests were the student’s t-test,   which are used when the means of the two samples under consideration are equal, and location test, which is used to test whether a population’s mean of a normal distribution has a number indicated by the null hypothesis ( Sizer, 1997).Correlation analysisCorrelation analysis is a technique that is used to determine the relationship between two or more attributes. Correlation coefficient of significant relationship of attributes ranges from -1 to 1. A positive correlation implies that when one attribute increases, the other automatically increases. On the other hand, a negative coefficient implies that an increase in one leads to a decrease in another attribute (Vaughn, et. al., 1993).In this study, correlation of on-task time with improvement was done; this was done to test the impact of the training on the reading skills of the participants. The Academy of Reading Assessment test that has been correlated to the TerraNova modular assessment series is employed in this case and has been validated to the TerraNova with a correlation of .69 to .80 across grade levels.Methodological LimitationsLike every research, this one had some of limitations. One of these was the inability to effectively and efficiently communicate with both the respondents to the questionnaires and the supervisor. This problem was caused by a language barrier on the side of the respondent and the gap between the supervisor and us. This gap was created as a result of the long time taken in collection and sampling of data. Even though the time was not specified, the supervisor would regularly monitor the project. This expressed the need for us to have had timelines, which we did not have. We also faced a problem of the budget going beyond our expectations, forcing us to walk and extra mile and digging into our pockets in some given instances. The problem with the budget extension came as a result of underestimation, which had been done during the planning stage. Another problem that came up was the commitment and energy to undergo all the project tasks. One part, which was specifically very tiring, was the data collection part (Vaughn, et. al., 1993).Summary  The methods described in this research reveal various concerns regarding the use of computers in improving reading skills of K-12 students. As stated earlier, there is need to increase reading instructions especially for those students who have difficulties in reading without adding any work load for the teachers. Student who should be targeted in order to benefit from this supplemental and effective reading instructions are those who attend schools that have a lot of students such that they are overcrowded or are underfunded.Schools, which face financial problems and have large number of students get   a severe stress on the few available r esources. This is experienced especially when there is need to provide additional individual attention to those students who have reading difficulties. When this is the case, efficient and effective computer aided programs should be introduced, although it may be a bit complex (Reis, et. al. 1998).In conclusion, it is realized that autoskill brings a significant intervention solutions especially for students of all abilities and ages who are considered as at-risk. Autoskill solutions are easily implemented, and flexible for helping a wide range of students. These students can be either enrolled in middle, elementary, and high school whose performance levels are both below basic and at basic levels on students taking special education, English, and standardized tests (Rosenthal, 2001).

Background, Introducing Performance Of Race - 1156 Words

Dolezal background, introducing performance of race In June 2015, a local reporter at Spokane, Washington news station KXLY, Jeff Humphrey, confronted the head of the local chapter of the NAACP, Rachel Dolezal, with questions about her racial identity. What was a relatively innocuous report soon blew up into one of the most controversial and topical debates about racial appropriation, white privilege, and racism in the United States. Dolezal was confronted about her father – a man that, she claimed at the time, and continues to assert, is African-American. Soon after the report went viral, Dolezal’s birth parents were quick to provide a copy of her Montana birth certificate, which clearly showed Dolezal’s birth parents were both white, of†¦show more content†¦Sexual Identity comparison and justification of actions In their book, Racial Formations in the United States, Michael Omi and Howard Winant touch on individuals who perform a race other than the one they were designated at birth, like Dolezal: Some individuals actively resist imposed categories by â€Å"performing† race in a subversive manner. A white person, for example, might take on the linguistic patois and stylistic gait we commonly associate with contemporary blackness. Over a person’s life course, they may â€Å"switch† racial identities—or be transferred to a new racially defined group, as a result of changes in state-based racial classification, the emergence of new group definitions, or even a longing to claim a suppressed or long-abandoned identity, real or imagined (Omi, Winant p. 2). Speaking with Salon, Dolezal described her performance of blackness as a type performance of â€Å"racial fluidity† (Joseph). She even compared her struggles as a â€Å"transracial† woman to those of transgender, gay, and lesbian individuals, saying â€Å"there’s more stigma for race fluidity than gender fluidity right now, and I don’t think anybody would deny that† (Joseph). 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The New York Conspiracy Trials Race and Class Essay

The New York Conspiracy Trials happened in New York during the year 1741. Before this year, countless other slave revolts occurred that made the New Yorkers anxious and nervous for an uprising. During the particularly cold winter of 1741, many whites were afraid that slave revolts would happen again. On top of that, New York had helped Britain against Spain. Countless of these worried folks thought that the slaves (along with some poor whites) and the Spanish were going to work together to overthrow New York. The conspiracy trials proved that all New Yorkers understood the hierarchies of status, race, and gender, even when they imagined overturning some of them. Originally, there were no conspiracy allegations. At first, it began as a†¦show more content†¦The taverns were the only places where they could mingle together without getting in trouble for it. Many of the wealthy whites in New York thought that racial mixing should never occur. According to the witnesses, â€Å"t he aim of the conspiracy was not so much to eradicate status altogether as to reverse the status of the city`s highest and lowest.† It was said that in the aftermath of the uprising, the tavern keeper would become the king and the slave a governor. However, a white man would still have a more powerful position than a black one. Likewise, even as the black men imagined being more powerful than white men, they envisioned white women as â€Å"passive bodies to be handed over from one man to another†¦Ã¢â‚¬  They contemplated women as just pieces of property that did not serve any other purpose other than having children or sex. Back in the eighteenth century, wealth combined with ethnicity, race, family, age, and gender to create social divisions known as â€Å"rank.† When social confusion happened in New York, authorities were driven to try to toughen the boundaries of traditional ranks. 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Histo ry.com Staff. (2009). Which at the time was the biggest terrorist attack before September 11th 2001. Timothy McVeigh lived a rather normal childhood, where he acted just like other kids in his rural town of Lockport New York. As a young boy he did have a huge interest in guns which might have led to him enlisting in to the United States Army with hopes of becoming a Green Beret, also known as Army Special Forces. Timothy McVeigh ended up serving a tour in Iraq duringRead MoreNelson Mandela Spiritual Biography2263 Words   |  10 Pagescommits it with the intention of maintaining that regime. Mandela would oppose the ideas of this regime and eventually play a major role in the elimination of the apartheid they worked in evil to create. In his autobiography Nelson Mandela describes his trials and tribulations on his journey to the freedom of South Africa hence the name of the book â€Å" Long Walk To Freedom†. From the time when he was young, Mandela was raised to be a le ader. 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Porter Four Components of Firm Strategy-Free-Samples for Students

Question: You are required to select an existing, successful global organisation of your choice. Critically discuss Porters four components of firm strategy, structure, and rivalry, factor conditions, demand conditions, and related and supporting industries and their influence on your chosen organisations international success. Answer: Introduction (overview of the firm, its industry and purpose) The porter diamond theory is considered as the model that is made to facilitate appreciate the competitive advantage nations possess because of certain factors available to them and to define how governments can perform to improve the conditions of the position of the country. The use of this theory is to evaluate the ability of the firm to run the business in effective manner in national market. Furthermore, it is also helpful to analyze the ability of national market to remain it remain in competitive environment of global market. It is able to define the understanding of the competitive position of the country in the international market. This theory contains the number of factors for competitive advantages for various countries. The factors of this theory are comprised with firm strategy, structure and rivalry, factor endowments, demand conditions and related and supporting industries. The reports will analyze the Primark, Irish company by evaluating porter diamond theory. Various factors will be described in the support of the enlargement and achievement of Primark Company in national and international industries. Porters National Diamond Theory of Competitive Advantage aids in sympathetic the strategies of Primark Company to create and sustain competitive advantage. This model is facilitates to define that what role the country plays in the growth and the success of organization. The four factors of porters diamond strategy will be elaborated in depth to describe the reason for becoming competitive in the national and international market. Primark is a well known company of Ireland that deals in clothing and accessories and, the subsidiary of AB foods LTD. It has many branches all over the world with the Headquarter of Primark is in Dublin. It has been found that the first store of the company was established in 1969 by Arthur Ryan. The mission of Primark is to provide the latest trend to its customer and make aware them with the new fashion of clothing and accessories. The different segments are focused by this company to enhance the sales. Primark offers various latest clothing and accessories related to men, women and kids. It adopts different strategy to keep the prices low and standards high so that it can remain in the global competitive advantages (Arriaga, Arriaga, Andreu Domingo, Andreu Domingo, Berlanga Silvente and Berlanga Silvente, 2017). There are different departments in the Primark which help to promote its products. Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry The firm strategy, structure and rivalry are the factor of porters diamond theory that is different from country to country. Firm strategy, structure and rivalry are noteworthy for the success and the growth of the company. These strategies help the organization in developing the different layout and objectives that help in managing the activities of the business, operations and rivalry. It helps out to develop the new innovative ideas in companies. This factor of this model is helpful to determine the goal and aims of the company and the way how to attain it within time frame within its organizational culture. The role of cultural aspect is vital in this factor. It has been analyzed that the regions, countries and provinces can different from one another and in the relations of many factors such as working morale; management and interactions between the companies are made as per different cultures. This structure can provide advantages as well as disadvantages for companies in a def inite situation when setting up a company in another country (Fainshmidt, Smith and Judge, 2016). The fashion industry of Ireland is competitive and it is difficult to attain the competitive advantages in huge manner. There are number of players in this filed that are posing intense competition to Primark. These players are Zara and HM which provides the same trends and fashion to the customers. It has been found that customers are more loyal towards the brand and online shopping enables them to purchase products and services from their home. Along with that there are number of brands are available that can attract the customers of Primark towards theory work by applying low price of discount strategy (Alexander, 2013). It has been found that there are indirect competitors of Primark such as Tesco and ASDA that are getting advantages from the market thus it can be the threat for Primark. Primark has expanded its stores rapidly in the Spain, UK, France, Netherlands and Germany which can be assumed in the total to almost 300. It was the bold step of Primark to enter in the market of US because of the different demand and difficult market for retailers. The technological features of the company will be advantageous for the company which reduces the returns. The role of the government is huge in Ireland as it developed the strict rules and policies for international company that need to be fulfilled by company to enter in to the Irish market. It facilitates fashion industry in achieving competitive advantages over international player as well. Thus, it can be said that direct competition is the major part that induce the other organization of Ireland to work for increasing their innovation and productivity in the same industry. There are so many companies apart from that such as Fashion Fair, B Couture, Beuniqu and many more that are endeavouring to be more innovative an d qualitative because of the pressure of competitive from leading players in the industry (Elizon, 2018). Factor endowments It is also the major factor of porters diamond theory that is connected to the manufacture and services of organization that is infrastructure and knowledge (Rodrigues and Khan, 2015). It can be categorized under various groups such as infrastructure, material resources and knowledge resources. As per this economic theory, factor endowment is considered as the range of labor, capital, entrepreneurship and land which a nation has it (Klass and Zeiler, 2013.). The above mentioned factors are the major for the country from which a country can earn more by developing it. Along with that it has been analyzed that the country involves the domestic buyers which have different demand for innovativeness and quality that generates the competition in the nation. In the fashion industry, the factors for this can be considered in the term of capital resources, knowledge, infrastructure and human resources. These are the most effective corner of Dublins diamond. Ireland has talented and well educa ted team and the fashion industry in Ireland is having number of skilled and professional people of the same filed which able to provide the effective services to the people. Primark has employed 68,000 employees which is strong workforce. Training and development program are encouraged by Primark to develop the mutual understanding and providing the effective services to the customers (Associated British Foods Annual report, 2013). It can be defined in the context of Dublin, Ireland that country has quiet supporting infrastructure that is needed by the Primark for operating their processes and linking with their customers. Furthermore, the resources of knowledge are also effective in the term of research about the fashion industry. Dublin has effective capital resources as it has firm string venture capital community. It has the easy access in the funding of the government and debt financing (Gibson, 2015). It has been found that the Primarks store energy intensity which is calculated by kilowatt-hour (kWh) per square foot, has been decreased by 11 percent since 2015. ERICC (Energy Reduction Information and Control Console) has the biggest role in the deduction of the electricity by 30 million kWh (Hendriksz, 2017). This software of Primark has offered real time information on the chief energy drivers within any store and it indicates that how an organization should perform in the point of view of energy management. Along with that the primary factors are utilized by Irish fashion industry and Primark which may have huge influence on its competitiveness. After analyzing the scenario of Irish Fashion industry, it can be said that factor endowment in Ireland are moderate for Primark. Demand conditions It has been analyzed that the main role of regional and local demand is major as per Porters model of national competitive advantage. Demand condition is considered as the major part that defines to the size and nature of customers of products and services (Ozgen, 2011). It has been found that the demand conditions are able to increase the demand of the local products and services in the domestic market. It has been analyzed that the more demand of the products and services in the local market can enhance the demand of the same products in international market. Globalization has enhanced the opportunities in todays era where the local demand considers being outmoded but porter recommends that the demand of the products and services in domestic market can be beneficiary for the organization. An extensive local market can enable the organization to make perfect its strategy regarding products and services before entering into international market (Smit, 2010). The same is applicable fo r Primark before expanding its business internationally. It has various stores internationally where numbers of employees are working due to its effective strategy. The demands of the customers are analyzed by using marketing research which helps an organization to grow. Primark has upper level practice in human resource and it has large stores to motivate volume shopping. The demands of the customers are fulfilled by Primark with the help of e-commerce and target market in which it segmented generation whose age is around 16 to 24 years old (Primark, n.d.). The demand conditions for Primark are shown in the demand of the fashionable clothes and accessories. It is vital for the organization to analyze the latest trends globally and endeavour to implement in the domestic market. There are different arguments can be made in case of Ireland such as the home market of this country is smaller and there is less chance to make huge incentives. However, it is unlikely for the fashion industry to remain under Ireland or by keeping only Irish customers in mind. It has been found that this country is expanding its demand conditions in the countries of Unit ed Kingdom that has provided the close bonding between the both countries (Cassidy, Barry and Egeraat, 2009). It has been dropped hugely during past years bit still UK is the big customer of Ireland. Primark has offered services and products in the international market as it has opened number of stores worldwide where people can buy its products. Technology enables people to buy its products without going anywhere (Krishna, Ojha and Barrett, 2017). Related and supporting industries A related and supporting industry is the major factor of Porters Diamond forces in national advantages which drive the success not only for the same industry but also for other industries and entire economy. The roles of the suppliers are major in the growth of the market in a region. It is necessary for the organization to involve the industries as it is involved in the manufacturing of the products and services of the organization by being major leader. These suppliers and industries help the organization to develop the internationalization and innovation (Acs, Audretsch, Lehmann and Licht, 2017). It is necessary for the effective growth to develop the strategy in the one sector as the growth of the one sector may impact the growth of the others sector. Retailers and distributors, tools and equipment, raw material supporters and other sectors are considered under supporting and related industries. Related and supporting industry is integral factor of national competitive advantage. It has been analyzed that there are number of industries are available in Ireland that are related to fashion industry and have a huge influence of its importance. Furthermore, Digitalization in fashion has changed the entire fashion industry (Deloitte, 2018). Supporting and related sectors have the huge role in the growth and success of the fashion industry in Ireland. There are various businesses of clothes that are relied on traditional style of clothing and accessories which enhance the difficulties for those who want to buy latest trends in clothing and accessories. The survival of these kinds of businesses assures the growth of Primark as retailer in fashion industry in Ireland (Byun, Lee and Kim, 2016). The related and supporting industries in the context of Primark includes the auxiliary material supply, clothing machinery suppliers and specialized market for textiles. Competitiveness of the clothing industry is completely dependent on the development of infrastructural which involves highways, paved roads and ports of electricity of all customs data and requirements and administrative data. Conclusions In the limelight of above discussion, it has been concluded that Porters Diamond Model of National Advantage is considered as the vital model that evaluates the diverse factors and conditions of a country. It has been defined in this assignment that how organization are benefitted that operates in business in Ireland. As per this theory, it has been cleared that the role of the factors are huge in the growth and the success of the country. The four major factor of Diamonds theory has been depicted in depth manner in which Primark Company is chosen that deals in clothing and accessories which is the part of fashion industry. It has been analyzed that there is a grouping of profitable influence which have proved attractive for the fashion industry. Local demand conditions have been shown in positive manner in the context of Primark which shows the positive effect on building competitive edge of most of the fashion industry (National Design Craft Gallery, 2018). It has been found that c ustomers are more loyal towards the brand and online shopping enables them to purchase products and services from their home. In the factor of factor endowment, the use of software by Primark in saving energy has been elaborated which shows the huge influence on its competitiveness. It has been found that the demand conditions are able to increase the demand of the local products and services in the domestic market. Related and supporting industry is included suppliers and industries that help the organization to develop the internationalization and innovation. Ireland has supported by government in developing the business. Thus, Ireland is the favourable country for the growth of the fashion industry. An extensive local market can enable the organization to make perfect its strategy regarding products and services. References Acs, Z.J., Audretsch, D.B., Lehmann, E.E. and Licht, G., 2017. National systems of innovation.The Journal of Technology Transfer,42, 997-1008. Alexander, E., 2013, ASOS Doubles Primark Offering. Accessed on 17th December, 2017 from: https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/2013/06/13/asos-doubles-primark-products-as-profits-surge. Arriaga, J., L., D.,O., Arriaga, , J., L., D.,O., Andreu Domingo, D., Andreu Domingo, D., Berlanga Silvente, V. and Berlanga Silvente, V., 2017. Facebook in the low-cost fashion sector: the case of Primark.Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal,21(4), pp.512-522. Associated British Foods Annual report, 2013. Primark Strategic Marketing Plan, Accessed on 2nd April, 2018, from: https://hollysnowdon.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/smp-final.pdf. Byun, J.W., Lee, S., S. and Kim, S.S., 2016. The convergence of IP and financial sectors: Analysis of the national competitiveness by using Diamond model approach.Journal of Digital Convergence,14, 227-234. Cassidy, J., Barry, F. and Egeraat, C.V., 2009, Ireland Industrial Competitiveness in a Small Open Economy, National Institute for Regional and Spatial Analysis, 44, 1-49. Deloitte, 2018. Digital transformation - the ultimate challenge for the fashion industry. Accessed on 2nd April, 2018, from: https://www2.deloitte.com/ch/en/pages/consumer-industrial-products/articles/ultimate-challenge-fashion-industry-digital-age.html. Elizon, 2018. Ireland Fashion. Accessed on 2nd April, 2018, from: https://www.ezilon.com/regional/ireland/business_and_economy/fashion/index.shtml. Fainshmidt, S., Smith, A., and Judge, W. Q., 2016, National Competitiveness and Porter's Diamond Model: The Role of MNE Penetration and Governance Quality, Global Strategy Journal,6, 81-104. Gibson, J., 2015. The Impact FinTech is having on the Financial Services Industry in Ireland, Accessed on 2nd April, 2018, from: https://esource.dbs.ie/bitstream/handle/10788/2906/mba_gibson_j_2015.pdf?sequence=1isAllowed=y. Hendriksz, V., 2017. Fashion United. Accessed on 3rd April, from: https://fashionunited.uk/primark-sustainability . Klass, G. and Zeiler, K., 2013. Against endowment theory: experimental economics and legal scholarship.UCLA L. Rev.,61, p.2. Krishna, S., Ojha, A.K. and Barrett, M., 2017. 12 Competitive Advantage in the Software Industry: An Analysis of the Indian Experience.Information Technology in Context: Studies from the Perspective of Developing Countries: Studies from the Perspective of Developing Countries. National Design Craft Gallery, 2018. Irish Fashion: Textile Clothing. Accessed on 2nd April, 2018, from: https://www.ndcg.ie/secondskin/designer/irish-fashion-textile-clothing. Ozgen, E., 2011. Porter's Diamond Model and Opportunity Recognition: A Cognitive Perspective.Academy of Entrepreneurship Journal,17(2), p.61. Primark, (n.d.). About Us. Accessed on 2nd April, 2018, from: https://www.primark.com/en-ie/about-us/about-primark. Rodrigues, G. and Khan, Z, R., 2015. Competitiveness of clothing industry based on Porter's diamond model: SAFTA countries. Smit, A. J., 2010. The competitive advantage of nations: is Porters Diamond Framework a new theory that explains the international competitiveness of countries?.Southern African Business Review,14(1)

Tattoos the Beauty Within free essay sample

Tattoos: The Beauty Within Throughout history tattoos have been used for many different purposes. They have also been criticized for being placed on the human body. People throughout history have been assigning their own beliefs to tattoos. Some beliefs, even when strange to others, have a substantial value to the person whose choice it is to have admiration for a symbol. History shows that tattoos represent diversity in significance and opinions; this diversity is reflected through a person’s values, culture and judgment. John Barker said, There are different motivations in different locations at different times. I believe he has the best description of the reasoning behind tattoos. Who ever came up with the thought of placing ink under the skin to signify a moment in time, special event in their life, or whichever the reason was, was thinking outside the box. There have been many different phases of personal expression throughout history and woven throughout cultures like fa brics in an eccentric Turkish rug. We will write a custom essay sample on Tattoos: the Beauty Within or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The only constant that tattoos have had threw out the thousands of years, is that it is forever evolving different meanings for different people. Someone, somewhere, in some point in time has had an opinion or use of a tattoo. The first proof of tattooing on a human dates back between 3350 and 3100 B. C. That is 5,000 years ago. Discovered in the Alps in South Tyrol, Italy in September of 1991, Otzi â€Å"the ice man† had over 50 tattoos placed in different areas of his body. Some were along his wrist and ankles. Others were placed along his back. Form the unique placing of his tattoos, anthropologist think his tattoos were used for therapeutic treatment and not symbolic like most tribal tattoos. Otzi tattoos were made by fine incisions into which charcoal was rubbed (Demetz). There is very little chance of ever knowing the true reason behind the how or the why of Neanderthal tattooing. It is still very interesting to know their culture felt it an important practice. The remains of an Egyptian priestess named Amunet were discovered by Archaeologists near Thebes in Egypt. Her 4,000 year-old mummified body was tattooed with several lines and dots across her abdomen, thighs, and breasts- similar to those found on Otzi but in different locations. Researchers believe these tattoos were associated with ritualistic religious practices. When tattooing was adopted by Roman soldiers in their foreign fields of battle it again became something different. What started as a mark of camaraderie and identification was later banned by Roman Emperor Constantine around Anno Domini 325. He declared Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire and according to Christian dogma at the time, tattoos were a disfigurement of that made in Gods image – similar to present day Islamic belief. The purity of the human body became an integral part of Roman belief and even the use of tattoos as brands for criminals or the condemned became unpopular and vulgar. A description of tattoo techniques and a formula for tattoo ink was found in an ancient transcript named Medicae Artis Principles. The text was written by the sixth century Roman physician Aetius Amidenus and there are some that believe that Aetius copied it from the lost Library of Alexandria. This and other evidence suggests that tattooing existed far earlier in the area than popular belief. M. W. Thomson, a Biblical scholar, suggests that Moses barrowed tattooing from the Arabs and introduced it as a way to memorialize the liberation of Jewish slaves in Egypt. Religious extremism is commonly affiliated with symbolic tattoos and the Crusades were no exception. Crusaders who reached the Holy Land in the 11th and 12th centuries had crosses tattooed on their arms. Some believe the mark of the Jerusalem cross was tattooed simply as a souvenir of their travels. Others believe it was the thought of receiving a Christian burial in the event they died in battle, which led many to mark their bodies permanently. In Anno Domini 787, Pope Hadrian the First forbade the marking of skin. This became a tradition for the popes that followed and the Church continued to prohibit tattooing until the 19th century. Tattooing is almost nonexistent in Christian History because of this and researchers have only speculation and small amounts of evidence to draw conclusions. Despite the efforts of Constantine and the Church, some evidence of the many uses of the tattoo by Christianity still exists today and many present day Christians use tattoos to symbolize their faith. Captain James Cook landed in the Polynesian islands in 1769 and encountered inhabitants with an entirely different view of tattooing. The Polynesian peoples had colonized most of the habitable islands east of Samoa by Anno Domini 1,000 and tattoo styles based on separate unique cultures evolved on each of the island groups. Some of the inhabitants believed that a persons manna, their spiritual power or life force, is displayed through their tattoo. Others such as the warrior class in Hawaii and the Marquesas Islands used the tattoo as a form of camouflage. Traditional Hawaiian tattoo art, known as ‘kakau’, was used to guard ones health and spiritual well-being. Intricate patterns of natural forms were tattooed across the arms, legs, torso and face. Some of them were worn for decoration and merit. The traditional island tattoos of today are symbolic of this heritage and embellishment. Captain Cook’s encounter birthed the rise of naval tattoos. Members of Cook’s crew were the first European sailors to acquire Polynesian tattoos and soon the British Navy had sailors returning home with permanent souvenirs of their travels to distant lands. Unlike the Romans, sailors and eventually every branch of the military embraced this soon to be tradition. Soon tattoo parlors were present in every European port city. The tattoos ranged from unit identification and shared camaraderie to lucky charms meant to save them from alcohol and complex relationships. Modern day military tattoos are a traditional form of pride for members of the armed services. Tattoos are controversial, symbolic and significant. Tattoos have been used throughout history by many different cultures. They have maintained a status in present day history for many different people for many different reasons. A variety of people view a tattoo as a sin, disgrace, or just plain tacky to have on the human body. Churches throughout history and cultures have used tattoos as scapegoats, for sinner’s actions. The churches have also used them in certain religious practices. Cultures throughout the world, in past and present times, have had multiple meaning associated with the various types of tattoo designs. Depending on the tattoos location on the body, pattern, and/or sex of the person, can signify different skills, Statius, and or the titles held in certain tribes around the world. In modern day western cultures, many people have decided to get a tattoo to signify a specific memory, as tribute to a love one who has passed, and/or just because they like the design of the tattoo. It’s a person’s own perspective to look inside one’s self and choose to see the beauty within the art of a tattoo. Whether people see tattoos as a sin or a work of art, Tattoos have earned their place in history. Works Cited Tattoo. Word Histories and Mysteries. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2004. Credo Reference. Web. 20 February 2011. â€Å"The Ancient and Mysterious History. History Archaeology. Cate Lineberry. Smithsonian, 01 January 2007. Web. 20 February 2011. â€Å"Painted Past: Borneo’s Traditional Tattoos. † National Geographic Channel. Sharon Guynup. June 18, 2004. Web. 21 February 2011. â€Å"Tattoos-From Taboo to Mainstream. † National Geographic News. Brian Handwerk. October 11, 2002. Web. 25 February 2011. â€Å"The Guide. † S tefan Demetz, The South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology, 1998. â€Å"History of Tattoos – Tribal Tattoos – Tattoos Today. † Freetattoodesigns. org. Web. 20 February 2011. â€Å"Tattoo History India. † Tattoojoy. com. Web. 20 February 2011.