Courtesy Titles and Honorifics

Courtesy Titles and Honorifics Courtesy Titles and Honorifics Courtesy Titles and Honorifics By Mark Nichol There was a time when it was considered proper form to refer indirectly to people in writing with a courtesy title or an honorific a designation that identifies gender, profession, or title of nobility. That time, to the great relief of writers everywhere, has passed. Of course, in direct address in a salutation, or when otherwise referring to someone in writing (as in a transcription) it is and perhaps always will be proper to identify people with such markers: â€Å"Mr. Smith,† â€Å"Captain Jones,† â€Å"Doctor Williams,† â€Å"Reverend Taylor,† and so on. But with few exceptions, such terms are obsolete when referring to people in the third person. The custom was cumbersome, requiring writers to be sure they knew more about a person that was perhaps necessary (or relevant): Is Mr. Smith a mere â€Å"John Smith,† or is he â€Å"Colonel John Smith (ret.)†? And is a woman a â€Å"Mrs.,† a â€Å"Ms.,† or a â€Å"Miss† and why does it matter? Likewise, does Captain Jones hold that specific naval rank, or is she commander of a naval vessel or installation and therefore called â€Å"Captain† in recognition of her status as a commanding officer even though her actual rank is different, or is she the owner of a sailboat? Is Doctor Williams a medical doctor, or did he earn a doctorate? Is Reverend Taylor’s status as a member of the clergy relevant to that person’s mention in an article or a book? Though the New York Times persists in using courtesy titles (except in editorials and feature articles), this is a rare quirk bordering on obsolete affectation. Of course, courtesy titles are appropriate on first reference to a person: â€Å"The Reverend Robert Taylor† (or, in newspaper style, â€Å"Rev. Robert Taylor†) should be identified as such when introduced. (Alternatively, the introduction may be more relaxed: â€Å"Robert Taylor, pastor of the Calvary Baptist Church.†) But the crux of this post is that on second reference that’s editor-speak for any reference beyond the first one no courtesy title or honorific is necessary, and it’s simpler to avoid using one. A few examples follow: â€Å"John Smith was present at the meeting, she said. . . . Smith [not â€Å"Mr. Smith†] spoke on the topic during the public-comment period.† â€Å"Captain Mary Jones took command of the ship in 2010. . . . Jones [not â€Å"Captain Jones†] is a twenty-five year navy veteran.† â€Å"She appealed to Doctor James Williams. . . . Williams [not â€Å"Doctor Williams†] responded encouragingly.† â€Å"The Reverend Robert Taylor officiated at the wedding. . . . Taylor [not â€Å"Reverend Taylor†] reminded the bride that he had baptized her.† In narrative nonfiction or in fiction, of course, a subject or character might be referred to habitually as â€Å"Captain Jones† because that is how people actually refer to her, as when the owner of a fishing trawler is widely known in a community perhaps few even know her first name or in the case of a naval officer always so addressed by crew members. The same exception applies to other courtesy titles, even â€Å"Mr.† and â€Å"Mrs.† or â€Å"Ms.,† which, unlike the others, are always abbreviated. Ultimately, however, the burden of proof is on whether a courtesy title should appear on second reference and the answer is usually no. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Mostly Small But Expressive Interjections"Replacement for" and "replacement of"The Two Sounds of G

How to Make Homemade Lye Using Two Ingredients

How to Make Homemade Lye Using Two Ingredients Lye is a chemical used for a variety of purposes, including making soap, performing chemistry demonstrations, making biodiesel, curing food, unclogging drains, disinfecting floors and toilets, and synthesizing drugs. Because it can be used to make illegal drugs, lye may be hard to find in a store. However, you can make the chemical yourself, using a method popular in colonial days. The resulting lye is potassium hydroxide. Lye can be either potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide. The two chemicals are similar, but not identical, so if you are making lye to use for a project, make certain its potash-based lye you need. Materials for Making Lye You only need two ingredients for making homemade lye: AshesWater The best ash comes from hardwood trees or from kelp. Softwoods, such as pine or fir, are better if you want to use the lye to make a liquid or soft soap. To prepare the ash, simply burn wood completely and collect the remains. You may also collect ash from other sources, such as paper, but expect chemical contaminants that may be undesirable if the lye is to be used for soap. Safety Information You can adapt the method using materials available to you, but keep in mind three important points: Use glass, plastic, or wood to process and collect the lye. Lye reacts with metal.The process gives off noxious vapors, especially if you heat the lye to make it more concentrated. Make lye outdoors or in a well-ventilated shed. This is not a project you want to undertake inside your home.Lye is a corrosive strong base. Wear gloves and eye protection, avoid inhaling vapors, and avoid skin contact. If you splash lye water on your hands or clothes, immediately rinse the affected area with water. Process To Make Lye Basically, all you need to do to make lye is soak the ashes in water. This yields a slurry of residue in a potassium hydroxide solution. You need to drain the lye water and then, if desired, may concentrate the solution by heating it to remove excess water. In summary: mix the ash and water, allow time for the reaction, filter the mixture, and collect the lye. One method that has been used for hundred of years, if not longer, is to use a wooden barrel with a cork near the bottom. These are available from brewing supply stores. Place stones at the bottom of the barrel.Cover the stones with a layer of straw or grass. This serves to filter the solids from the ash.Add ashes and water to the barrel. You want enough water to fully saturate the ashes, but not so much that the mixture is watery. Aim for a slurry.Allow the mixture to react 3 days to a week.Test the concentration of the solution by floating an egg in the barrel. If a coin-size area of the egg floats above the surface, the lye is sufficiently concentrated. If it is too dilute, you may need to add more ashes.Collect lye water by removing the cork at the bottom of the barrel.One way to increase the concentration of the solution is to run this liquid through ashes again.If you need to concentrate the lye, you can either let water evaporate out of the collection bucket or you can heat the solution. Its okay to use a cast iron or stainless steel pot. Modern adaptations of the old technique involve using plastic or glass buckets with spigots rather than wooden barrels. Some people drip rainwater from a gutter into the lye bucket. Rain water tends to be soft or slightly acidic, which helps with the leaching process. Its not necessary to clean out the reaction barrel or bucket to make more lye. You can keep adding water or ashes to produce a constant supply of the chemical.